How Did Martin Luther King Day Become a Federal Holiday

On Nov. 2, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a bill making Martin Luther King Jr. Day a federal holiday effective Jan. 20, 1986. As a result, Americans commemorate Martin Luther King, Jr.s birthday on the third Monday in January, but few are aware of the history of the long battle to convince Congress to establish this holiday. John Conyers Congressman John Conyers, an African American Democrat from Michigan, spearheaded the movement to establish Martin Luther King Jr. Day. Conyers worked in the civil rights movement in the 1960s, was elected to Congress in 1964, and championed the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Four days after Kings assassination in 1968, Conyers introduced a bill that would make January 15 a federal holiday in Kings honor. Congress was unmoved by his efforts, and though he kept reviving the bill, it kept failing. In 1970, Conyers convinced New Yorks governor and New York Citys mayor to commemorate Kings birthday, a move that the city of St. Louis emulated in 1971. Other localities followed, but it was not until the 1980s that Congress acted on Conyers bill. By this time, the congressman had enlisted the help of popular singer Stevie Wonder, who released the song Happy Birthday for King in 1981. Conyers also organized marches in support of the holiday in 1982 and 1983. Congressional Battles Conyers finally succeeded when he reintroduced the bill in 1983. But even then, support was not unanimous. In the House of Representatives, William Dannemeyer, a California Republican, led opposition to the bill. He argued that it was too expensive to create a federal holiday, estimating that it would cost $225 million annually in lost productivity. Reagans administration concurred with Dannemeyer, but the House passed the bill with a vote of 338 for and 90 against. When the bill reached the Senate, the arguments opposing the bill were less grounded in economics, relying more on outright racism. Sen. Jesse Helms, a North Carolina Democrat, filibustered against the bill, demanding the FBI to release its files on King and asserting that King was a Communist who did not deserve the honor of a holiday. The FBI investigated King throughout the late 1950s and 1960s at the behest of its chief, J. Edgar Hoover, had tried intimidation tactics against the civil rights leader, and sent him a note in 1965 suggesting he kill himself to avoid embarrassing personal revelations hitting the media. Rejecting Baseless Accusations King, of course, was not a Communist and broke no federal laws, but by challenging the status quo, King and the civil rights movement discomfited the Washington establishment. Charges of communism were a popular way to discredit people who dared speak truth to power during the 50s and 60s, and Kings opponents made liberal use of the tactic. Helms tried to revive that tactic, and Reagan defended King. When a reporter asked about the communism accusations, the president said that Americans would find out in around 35 years, the length of time until FBI materials are declassified. Reagan later apologized, though a federal judge blocked the release of Kings FBI files. Conservatives in the Senate tried to change the name of the bill to National Civil Rights Day, but failed. The bill passed the Senate with a vote of 78 for and 22 against. Reagan capitulated, signing the bill into law. The First Martin Luther King Jr. Day In 1986, Coretta Scott King chaired the committee responsible for creating the first celebration of her husbands birthday. Though she was disappointed at not receiving more support from Reagans administration, her efforts resulted in over a week of commemorations leading up to the holiday, from Jan. 11 to Jan. 20, 1986. Cities like Atlanta held tribute events, and Washington, D.C. dedicated a bust of King. Reagans proclamation on Jan. 18, 1986 explained the reason for the holiday: This year marks the first observance of the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as a national holiday. It is a time for rejoicing and reflecting. We rejoice because, in his short life, Dr. King, by his preaching, his example, and his leadership, helped to move us closer to the ideals on which America was founded... He challenged us to make real the promise of America as a land of freedom, equality, opportunity, and brotherhood. It required a 15-year-long fight, but Conyers and his supporters successfully won King national recognition for his service to country and humanity. Although some southern states protested the new holiday by commemorating the Confederacy on the same day, by the 90s, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established everywhere in the U.S. Resources and Further Reading Campbell, Bebe Moore. â€Å"A National Holiday for King.† Black Enterprise, Jan. 1984, p. 21.Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Vintage, 1988.Nazel, Joseph. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holloway House, 1991.Reagan, Ronald. â€Å"Proclamation 5431 -- Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, 1986.† Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Museum, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 18 Jan. 1986.Smitherman, Geneva. Word From the Mother: Language and African Americans. Taylor Francis, 2006.

President Truman and the First Atomic Bomb Essay - 1193 Words

Atomic Bomb Essay In 1945, World War Two was coming to an end. Following Adolf Hitler’s suicide, and Nazi Germany’s unconditional surrender on May 7, 1945, the war in Europe was finally over. The allies began began postwar planning for future, as well as establishment of post-war order and peace treaties issues. America’s war wasn’t done yet as they were still fighting Japan, eventually pushing them back to their main island. The Japanese’ plans of defending themselves was a group of final decisive battles on the Japanese mainland utilizing all people in Japan to fight to death against the Americans. Fearing costly land battles,†¦show more content†¦There were 26,000 casualties and 6,800 dead Americans at Iwo Jima, with 20,000 casualties and 1083 dead Japanese. (1. Battle for Iwo Jima, 1945. The Navy Department Library) At Okinawa there were 65,000 American casualties and 14,000 dead, while the Japanese lost 70,000 soldiers out of the 130,000 stationed on Okinawa. (2. Battle of Okinawa. History.com) The bloodshed from these two battles gave the Americans a taste of the militaristic Japanese, and that a battle for the homeland of Japan would be astronomically worse. The Japanese were prepared to use any means necessary to stop the Americans because of â€Å"Yamato Damashii†, which was a virtue of the samurai that went hand in hand with the Bushido code, and it made the Japanese value the country and the emperor above all else, and that fighting to the death was greater than surrender. and it came in the form of Kamikaze attacks, suicide troops, and guerilla warfare. At Okinawa, 193 kamikaze attacks were launched at the Americans damaging 368 ships and destroying 36. (3. The Battle of Okinawa. History Learning Site) The Japanese were prepared to sacrifice everything they had to destroy American ships and troops. The Japanese also used their own people to fight against the Americans.Show MoreRelatedThe First Atomic Bomb Of President Harry S. 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The Importance Of Writing A Business s Health - 891 Words

Writing plays a significant role in many disciplines in the workforce. Some believe that in accounting, writing does not take place at all. This is far from the truth. In fact, when it comes to accounting, writing is very important. It is the inspector in a business’s health. It is used to tell people the status of a business, address the problems, and provide answers. In this essay, we will try to convey the important role writing takes in accounting. We will show its purpose, its content, and the steps to take in order to write successfully in accounting. In the world of accounting, the main goal is to provide information, address issues, and give insight and solutions. These aspects are what accountants are meant to show in their reports. These reports show the people inside and outside of businesses how it is doing. Investors can know whether or not to invest in a company, and managers and owners will know how to fix certain problems. Without the specific writings, busines s would not be able to know their financial â€Å"health.† Owners might blindly get into to much debt. Creditors might loan to a company that cannot pay back their debt and not even know. Investors might miss out on an opportunity to invest in a good company because there was no way to show which ones are better. Accountants are the financial doctors, and the writing taking place is the businesses’ diagnosis. In accounting, the different kinds of writing are the financial statements, the summary,Show MoreRelatedEvolution Of Health Care Info Systems. Physician’S Offices1514 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution of Health Care info Systems Physician’s offices and different facilities have modified considerably over the last twenty years. 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The following essay will describe time management and its importance in the work place as well as its importance for those who use it on a more personal level such as studying and learningRead MoreResourcing Talent1241 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess by developing their knowledge and skills in defining and writing job descriptions, contributing to the job advertisement process, shortlisting, conducting face–to-face or telephone interviews and contributing to job offer and rejection letters. Key legislation pertaining to recruitment and selection will be covered. Finally, they will also learn more about good practice in employee induction and retention and the importance of collaborative working with other stakeholders. 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How Low Can Adhd Go - 2188 Words

How Low Can ADHD Go? ADHD isn t as bad as everyone says it is, misconceptions fuel the negativity towards this deficit making it seem worse than it actually is. Understanding the different types of ADHD allows for the possibility that different strategies could help improve the lives of those with ADHD. ADHD has had many different names over its lifetime this was recognized by Holland and Higura in there online summary of ADHD. One of the first names was Post-Encephalitic Disorder, then hyperkinesis, Minimal Brain Damage, Minimal Brain Dysfunction, Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood, Attention Deficit Disorder/ADD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity/Risidual type and ADHD (the current name for the deficit). Because ADHD has been†¦show more content†¦(About ADHD) Some of my favorite theories on ADHD include The Explorer Gene, The nervous system of an ADHD ers is different and People with ADHD don t have a shortage of attention. The Explorer Gene helped our prehistoric ancestors out, by constantly thinking about food, shelter, and fire. Cavemen with this gene were thought to have a better chance of survival. An ADHD ers central nervous system is somehow wired differently than a neurotypical person, a nerotypical nervous system means that the person has a normal nervous system. In order for a neurotypical person to get something done they have to have at least one of three things, the task has to be important/signifigant, has to have a sense of emergency or urgency, or the task has to have a punishment/reward system. Most people with an ADHD nervous system have a higher IQ than neurotypical people, so people with ADHD use their higher IQs in different ways than normal people, ADHD ers sometimes find simple solutions to problems that stumped ot her neurotypical people. People with ADHD do not have a shortage of attention they pay to much attention to everything causing the hyperfocuses, more commonly showing as hypersensitivity to light, sounds, smells, and touch. Misconceptions about ADHD in the past weren t as

Research Real Estate Data Set Free Essays

Abstract In this paper the team analyzed three scholarly articles relating to our study. Furthermore, the team also analyzed additional data sets to include more variables like bedrooms and bathrooms in our investigation to test our hypothesis which shows that the results are consistent with the hypothesis. The population size, primary and secondary data, using unbiased information and applying ethics are also discussed in detail. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Real Estate Data Set or any similar topic only for you Order Now Real Estate Data Set II As we begin the final stages of our project it is important to understand the process of applied research and how one or more variable have an impact on the dependable variable. It is important to understand why research is necessary and how we apply research to get answers to issues. The team analyzed thirty date sets to research homes with or without a pool, with or without a garage, and on the proximity of the house to the city, and how those factors affected the selling prices of homes. Furthermore, the team also analyzed more data sets to include more variables like bedrooms and bathrooms. Six bedrooms, three bath houses will sell for more than a one bedroom, one bath houses, regardless of whether it has a pool or garage. As we go forward with this assignment and analyze more data collection sets, it seems that the hypothesis that we proposed is the right one. Our hypothesis is based around the concept of human prioritization and its role in home selection. Additionally, the team researched three scholarly articles that are pertinent to our study to help us understand why the research is important and necessary. The first article uses analysis to discuss the connection between the selling price of a home and â€Å"Time on the Market† (TOM) (Sirmans, et al, 2010). It states that the longer the house is on the market the lower the selling price of the house. The study uses data sets to examine single family homes and whether the TOM co-efficient is susceptible to location, income of families, wealth and time. The results proved that the TOM co-efficient is sensitive to the variables and there is a significant relationship between TOM and the selling prices (Sirmans et al, 2010). It also states that selling prices and TOM is a very complicated because ellers / buyers want to maximize the price, while sellers want to sell at the top price buyers want to purchase at the lowest price. The second article discusses the study of how technology of real estate is changing and how important technology is key to gather important data from private and public sources for the real estate industry. Many studies have been published about the impact of the information on the real estate industry, on market size and efficiency, and market innovation. These studi es have proven that email and the use of internet are used as a positive marketing tool. Survey questions were developed to gather information about real estate agents and their attitude about using information technology as marketing their services. The results were positive and all that were surveyed viewed that information technology was key in some areas. Internet usage got a high score along with online research but personal webpage’s indicated a lower score (Acharya et al, 2010). The third article examined that in real estate development there is a need for risk assessment techniques to assess the impact of the project. The article is based on an exploratory survey which data was collected through interviews and a questionnaire. The study was conducted in the Thailand area using Thai real estate development companies. The study revealed that there are no systematic techniques to deal with the concerns of economic and political risks (Khumpaisal et al, 2010). All three articles focus on real estate research and how information is collected and used in different studies. All three article discuss how data, the collection of the data and the usage of the data play an important part while conducting research. When conducting research it is often difficult, or impractical to test the entire population. Many issues can arise, such as time consumption, cost, and redundant information. Often it is possible for researchers to draw conclusions based on population samples. This is when we test a small portion of the population and draw conclusions on the entire population based on the sample results. For our research the sample of thirty homes came from a larger sample of one hundred six homes. These homes were a sample of homes in one state, across five townships. For our research we decided to limit the sample to around thirty homes of similar qualities (outside of the variables we are testing). The reason we do this is to be sure there isn’t an outside, unknown variable affecting the experiment. Therefore we chose homes that are between two and three bedrooms, with two bathrooms. This gave us a sample of thirty-one homes. For this particular research, it is possible to see the affects of different variables on home prices. Also, with more than thirty samples it is also possible to eliminate outliers that may skew averages. For example, if we only tested three homes and two of them were priced outrageously, we wouldn’t be able to draw valid conclusions. However, by testing thirty-one homes, we can eliminate outliers. There are many possible sources of bias and error when testing a hypothesis with only sample of the population. In our case, we could simply omit homes that disprove our hypothesis. One reason for this is if we were working for a real estate company and they want to see which homes can make them the most money, and we know there are a lot of homes near the city center for sale. If we omit homes far away from the city that are selling for more, our bias has caused us to give false findings. Not all omissions are intentional. Sometimes errors are simply made in the research process. For example, with our research we could have included homes with any number of bedrooms. This would have resulted in data that may not have been practical for our research. For example, the complete data set included homes with up to eight bedrooms. If we were to compare that to a home with only two bedrooms the fact that either had a pool, or garage, or was close to the city would have been negligible. Again, we chose to only test similar homes in respect to number of bedrooms and bathrooms in order to prevent this error. It is necessary to collect primary data when a researcher cannot find the data needed in secondary sources. Some methods of primary research would include observation, postal surveys, telephone interviews, online surveys, face to face surveys, focus groups, and test marketing. Observation works well in retail markets. Observing consumer behavior provides many insights, although can sometimes leave unanswered questions. Postal surveys are great because they are relatively cheap with the ability to cover a wide geographical area. However, response rates are minimal and can take quite some time before any of the surveys are returned. Telephone interviews allow quicker feedback than a postal survey but any potential customers are usually hesitant on giving anything but short answers. Increasingly popular and at relatively low cost, surveys online are widely used by growing businesses as a way of gathering the views of potential and existing customers. Face to face surveys are sometimes costly, but a great way to get individual detailed insight, while focus groups are a good way of getting detailed information about customer preferences and tastes. Test marketing involves picking a small section of the market and selling a new product in order to assess customer reaction. This primary research can be a great predictor of how a new product or service will be received by the larger market. Primary research is the preferred research and conducted all of the time. National polls and surveys collect the population’s thoughts about proposals or particular political figures, journalists use it as their primary means of reporting events as well as news, and organizations collect data on their market trends and consumer base. When conducting research in professional or academic settings, the researcher needs to be aware of the ethics behind the research activity Ethical issues arise throughout any piece of all research. These issues often turn into political ones, and there are also close connections between issues around participation and ethical concerns. Ethical issues also have a tendency to turn into questions of trust. The researcher is the research instrument therefore the reader and/or user of qualitative research must be able to trust the researcher to have followed the proper procedures. There are quite a few key phrases which describe the system of ethical protections that medical research and the contemporary social establishments have created such as, voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, and rights to service, to better protect the research participant’s rights. When conducting research it is important to understand all stages of the research and apply good practices such as using unbiased sources and clear and ethical standards. Even when clear ethical standards and principles are in place, there will be times when the rights of potential participants runs up against the need to do accurate research. No set of standards can possibly anticipate every ethical circumstance. Furthermore, there needs to be a procedure that assures that researchers will consider all relevant ethical issues in formulating research plans (Trochim, 2006). References Acharya N, R. et al (2010). Influence of Email marketing on Real Estate Agent Performance: Journal of Real Estate Literature, 2010, v. 18, issue. 2. Retrieved from https://ehis. ebscohost. com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=4hid=124sid=20ac27d 8-422b-4f27-a523-f24b0ea694e2%40sessionmgr110. Khumpaisal,S et al (2010). An Examination of Thai practitioners’ perceptions of risk assessment techniques in real estate development projects: Journal of Retail Leisure Property. Retrieved from https://ehis. ebscohost. com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=5hid=124sid=20ac27d8-422b. Sirmans,G. S. et al (2010). A Meta Analysis of Selling Price and Time –on –the Market: Journal of Housing Research, 2010, Vol. 19 Issue 2. Retrieved from https://ehis. ebscohost. com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=4hid=124sid=20ac27d8-422b-4f27-a523-f24b0ea694e2%40sessionmgr110. Trochim, W. (2006). Research methods knowledge base. Retrieved from http://www. socialresearchmethods. net/kb/ethics. php How to cite Research Real Estate Data Set, Essays

Black Holes As Future Power Plants Essay Example For Students

Black Holes As Future Power Plants Essay Black Holes:The Power Source for Future Space Travel?Ryan WeaverUniversity of Alaska AnchorageEveryone knows that the spaceships in Star Trek that travel faster than the speed of light are mere science fiction. According to Einsteins theory of relativity, if an object reached the speed of light, its mass would be immediately transformed into energy. Currently our spaceships can not even reach mars in less than five years. Now, with modern theories of black holes, trips to other solar systems may be possible at nearly the speed of light. Black holes were only proven to exist within the last twenty-five years and were only really considered to exist for the last seventy-five years. Yet these recently discovered objects could be the energy revolution of the future, much like nuclear power was in the sixties. Black holes generate tremendous amounts of energy in several different ways, and so can be harnessed in several ways to generate usable power. In order to understand how energy can be created from black holes, one must first have an understanding of black holes themselves. Black holes are formed by matter being crushed within a certain radius (call the Shwarzchild radius or event horizon). This radius can be calculated by the equation r = 2GM / c2, were G is Newtons gravitational constant, c is the speed of light, and M is the mass of the black hole. This shows that the density within the event horizon, which is equal to 3M / 4?r2 for a spherical object, will actually decrease as the mass increases. The gravitational field around a black hole will act same as an object of identical mass, so if the sun were to suddenly become a black hole would the earth go plummeting into it? No, it would continue on its orbit things just get interesting close to the black hole (Jebornak, 1998). There are three types of black holes that scientist currently believe are capable of becoming future power sources: Schwarzschild black holes, Newmann black holes, and primordial black holes. Schwarzschild black holes are the simplest black holes because they do not rotate and have no charge. The Newmann black hole, on the other hand, rotates and has a charge, but like the Schwarzschild black hole can have varying masses from a couple times our suns mass to several billion times the mass of our sun. Primordial black holes were first theorized about In the year 1973 by Stephen W. Hawkings who postulated that in the early moments of the big bang, miniature black holes would have been created with masses around that of a small mountain, 2 * 10^13 kg (Wagner, 1999). These black holes could resemble a Schwarzschild black hole or Newmann black hole or even be a hybrid of their properties by rotating but possessing no charge. Newmann black holes have an ellipsoid (three-dimensional oval) around them called the ergosphere, and it connects with the black holes outer event horizon at the poles of its axis of rotation (Jebornak, 1998). Once matter enters the ergosphere, it begins to rotate along with the rotation of the black hole; this forms what is known as an accretion disc. The closer that the matter comes to the event horizon, the faster the matter will be rotating. With the help of Hubble and other telescopes astronomers have found matter rotating around super massive black holes at speeds in excess of 1.9 million miles per hour at the centers of distant galaxies. All of this rotating matter rubs together causing a build up of static electricity (similar to rubbing ones feet on a carpet) which, since the matter is rotating, makes an electric field with an extremely powerful magnetic field at its poles. This magnetic field operates much like the one here on earth: all matter with an opposite charge of the pole is attracted to it. Since these magnetic fields are so intense, matter is pull towards the poles and shot away from them at speeds of 90% the speed of light or higher. Nervous System EssayHawking radiation is the most efficient process of gathering energy from a black hole and the most feasible method. The ideal black hole for this method is one with a mass near that of primordial black holes since black holes whose masses are greater that the mass of the earth generate less energy than the background radiation of the universe (Kaufmann, 1989). The power output of a Schwarzschild black hole is equal to 4.8 * 10^33f(T) / M2, were f(T) is dependent on the particle degrees of freedom that can be radiated (Semiz, 1995). The f(T) stands for the amount of Hawking radiation that can escape the black holes event horizon that we can presently harness. This equation shows how as a black hole loses mass through changing its energy into matter: it will radiate even more energy. A Schwarzschild black hole with mass of 1012 kg will radiate 7.9 * 109 W but only 45.3% of the energy will be carried in channels we can intercept (Semiz, 1995). Semiz goes on to show that a black hole with one tenth the mass of the one above would radiate 2.2 * 1012 W, about three times the present power consumption of the earth, and have an 80.8% efficiency rating (1995). He also found that the energy can be kept constant by feeding mass into the black hole at a rate of 2.8 and 772 kg / yr respectively for the above examples. Current sources of power like the sun and nuclear power have nowhere near the efficiency of power given off by a black hole due to Hawking radiation. The suns fusion of hydrogen atoms only has an efficiency rating of .71%, and nuclear power, like in power plants around the world has a rating of .09% (Semiz, 1995). In the future controllable fusion would be adequate for terrestrial energy needs. It is in space where high efficiency would become important (Semiz, 1995). As the world begins to look towards space for inhabitation and exploration the need for such power sources is becoming ever more prominent. In Semizs power plant using Hawking radiation the mass of the black hole remains constant, the only effect of the process is conversion of fuel into energy (1995). Due to this, the process is amazingly efficient, and the smaller a black hole gets the high the efficiency rating will be. Being as how some physicists believe that mini black holes can be created from smashing a particle into its antiparticle at high velocities, this theory of mini black holes as power plants is a strong possibility for the future. Black holes maybe the power plants of the future because of their ability to transform matter into energy. Since black holes needed for the Penrose process and super radiance require super massive Newmann black holes, they are in the distant future because the closest known black hole of sufficient mass is at the center of our galaxy. By harnessing Hawking radiation a power supply efficient enough to power future journeys out of our solar system are plausible. One of the most important facts is that particle accelerators here on earth could create the black holes needed. As Semiz wrote in 1995, if we hope to one day go where no one has gone before the only feasible way seems to be to use the Hawking radiation of a mini black hole. Astronomy Essays

American Poet Analysis Essay Example For Students

American Poet Analysis Essay Mrs. Glasser and Mrs. Rau have a lot in common. Theyre both English teachers and they both work at Sachem North. They are also married with no kids. But thats where the similarities stop. They have different opinions and different likes and dislikes. Mrs. Glasser was born on February 21 in Smithtown. Her first name is Diane and Shes an Aquarius. She is the youngest out of 3 children in her family. Shes not really sure of her favorite color. She likes the group Destinies Child and her favorite movie over the summer was what lies beneath. She loves junk food and anything salty. In school her favorite subjects were Math and English. As a cheerleader she entered many competitions. Her favorite room in her home is the living room because she knows all her work is done and she can relax. The saddest time in her life was when her parents died and the happiest was when she got married. She has no kids, but shes got 2 cats. Her goal in life is to be successful. Shes attracted to people with a positive attitude on life. If she could change anything about herself, she would be more spontaneous. Mrs. Rau was born on January 24 in Brooklyn. Like Mrs. Glasser, Mrs. Rau is also an Aquarius. Shes the oldest of 3 children in her family. Her favorite colors are red, yellow, and purple because they are bright happy colors. The kind of music she likes is rhythm and blues, but she hates rap. Her Favorite movies are Silent Storm, Little Shop of Horrors, and Ace Ventura. These movies are funny and make her laugh. She likes Italian foods and foods with spices. She doesnt like desserts though. She enjoys reading, running, weight lifting, gardening, landscaping, and boating. Her favorite rooms in her home are the living room and the work out room. The saddest moment of her life is when her younger cousin died. Her goal in life is to teach English. She hopes to retire someday and move to a roomy house near water. If she could change anything about herself it would be her height because she is too small. She likes people who are responsible and hates people who use and take advantage of oth er people. Mrs. Glasser and Mrs. Rau have a lot in common. The difference is that they have certain likes and dislikes. Bibliography: